Macro-financial assistance was introduced in 1974 as a short-term measure to enable industrialized countries to adapt to imports from developing countries. Developing countries and countries that do not have a welfare state[1] have a comparative advantage in textile production because they are labour-intensive and their poor social security systems allow them low labour costs. [2] According to a study by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the system has cost developing countries 27 million jobs and $40 billion in lost exports per year. [3] Developing countries have opposed measures such as a social clause in customs agreements to make them conditional on improving working conditions. At that time, developing countries were still often heavily dependent on exports of primary raw materials. The agreement attempted to mitigate this potential conflict in order to ensure continued cooperation in the field of international trade. In this context, quotas were seen as an orderly way to manage the world trade in clothing and textiles in the short term in order to avoid market disruptions. The ultimate goal remained the removal of barriers and trade liberalization, with developing countries expected to play an increasing role in trade over time. An assessment of the capital tax debate: is there a reason to control capital flows in the SACU-US free trade agreement? by Calvin Manduna WP 8/2003, August non-smoking, which, by Calvin Manduna WP 9/2003, August assess the impact of trade liberalization: the importance of political complementarities and political processes in the context of Trudi Hartzenberg`s CFDC WP 10/2003, October A study of regional trade agreements: a case study by Jeremy Everard John Streatfeild WP 11/2003, October 2003 A new anti-dumping regime for South Africa and the SACU of Stuart Clark – Gerhard Erasmus WP 1/2003, May Why build capacity in international trade law? by Gerhard Erasmus WP 2/2003, is the Forum for the Promotion of Regional Integration: a simple answer to a complicated subject? by Henry Mutai WP 3/2003, July The WTO GMO dispute by Maxine Kennett WP 4/2003, WTO accession of Maxine Kennett WP 5/2003, July Towards Cancun: a perspective on the development of FAIzel`s EU trade policy Ismail WP 6/2003, August GATS: an update on the negotiations and developments of services trade in sadC by Adeline Tibakweitira WP 7/2003, August An assessment of the debate on capital control: is there a reason to control capital flows in the SACU free trade agreement? by Calvin Manduna WP 8/2003, August Non-smoking, by Calvin Manduna WP 9/2003, August Assessment of the Effects of Trade Liberalization: The Importance of Political Complementarities and Political Processes in the Context of CDIC by Trudi Hartzenberg WP 10/2003, October A study of regional trade agreements: A case study conducted by Jeremy Everard John Streatfeild WP 11/2003, October 2003 Voluntary agreements were concluded mainly between the United States and various major suppliers of fiber products of chemicals and wool. These agreements were intended to limit exports from major suppliers to the United States, thereby limiting domestic market disruptions caused by increased competition abroad.